定语

The attributive modifier (定语) always comes BEFORE the noun it modifies — the opposite of English adjectives and closer to how Vietnamese works (though Vietnamese is after-noun). This is one of the most important word-order rules in Chinese.

Types of attributive modifiers at HSK 1: 1. Adjective modifier (without 的): single-syllable adjectives usually attach directly — 新书包 (new schoolbag), 红苹果 (red apple). 2. Adjective modifier (with 的): multi-syllable adjectives or emphatic descriptions use 的 — 漂亮的衣服 (beautiful clothes), 干净的房间 (clean room). 3. Number + measure word: always come before the noun — 两本书 (two books), 三个学生 (three students). 4. Noun modifier: one noun modifying another — 中文书 (Chinese book), 学校食堂 (school cafeteria). 5. Possessive with 的: 我的书 (my book), 老师的问题 (the teacher's question).

When NOT to use 的: Do NOT add 的 after single-syllable adjectives in front of nouns — 好人 (good person), NOT 好的人 (sounds odd in most contexts). With numbers + measure words, never add 的 — 三个学生, NOT 三个的学生.

Common mistake: Learners forget that modifiers go BEFORE the noun and translate from English or Vietnamese word order, putting adjectives after the noun.